Kidney stones (kidney stones), affecting about 5% of the population each year (1.2 million cases) and are about 1% of the causes of hospitalization, affecting primarily the extent of the male population is affected approximately twice the female. The most common age is between 30 and 50 years. It is a disease that tends to recur (a 45% chance of recurrence in six years) and for this reason, after the first colon, the prevention of new events.
Calculations: What Are - The calculations are small masses formed by crystals of calcium salts, magnesium or ammonium or uric acid, they are generated for a non-elimination of minerals, in no pathological conditions, takes place in the urine. Are formed in the kidneys, but can also move in the urinary tract or bladder. In 40% of cases are bilateral. The chemical analysis of the calculation is essential to understand its genesis:
65-75%: Football
10-15% non-calcareous phosphates
5.10% uric acid
3.1% cysteine
The urine test can detect (urinary calcium excretion greater than 200 mg in a 24-hour urine collection or better, 4 mg / kg per 24 hours), (which involves a low pH of urine) or (urinary oxalate excretion exceeding 45 mg per 24 hours). The instead a true hereditary disease.
Only the calculations consist of uric acid can be dissolved with drugs.
Facilitating factors - are not yet clear what causes the disease because there are no certainties, but only factors that appear to increase the probability of the occurrence of the calculation. It seems that the method can form a stable situation for a long time for sudden changes in diet (check salt supplements and food supplements in general) or lifestyle. Among the factors cited:
a family history.
Poor fluid intake in the diet, although in the elderly (who generally tend not to drink a lot) the occurrence is reduced.
The habit of sweating a lot because a lot of fluids through the expulsion of the sweat does not allow a dilution of the renal filtrate.
The diet in industrialized countries have a prevalence of calcium oxalate, due in part to the consumption of certain foods (nuts, beets, spinach, rhubarb, chocolate, etc..) Because only a small part of urinary oxalate is derived directly from the power.
Frequent urinary tract infections.
Predisposing diseases (hyperthyroidism, consequences of bone fractures, etc...)
Symptoms - When the size of these calculations are ways to block the kidney or ureter have renal colic, episodes of severe pain in the side that may extend to the abdomen, sometimes accompanied by other secondary symptoms such as difficulty to urinate, fever and vomiting.
Diagnosis and treatment of kidney stones
In addition to the presence of blood in the urine (not always visible to the naked eye) can be used with the following diagnostic techniques:
ultrasound, can identify possible expansion of the kidney and urinary tract or the very presence of kidney stones in the cavities.
The x-ray, which is not effective in the case of uric acid or kidney stones (transparent to X-rays) and the proximity of the calculations with the skeletal system.
Orography (or metallography), more sophisticated test that uses a dye to locate the precise location and nature of the calculation.
The spiral CT scan, surely the most definitive test, which is necessary when the previous diagnostic techniques give rise to doubts.
To reduce the severe pain are administered intravenously antispasmodics, pain and inflammation, waiting for the spontaneous expulsion of the calculation must move into the bladder. Because the urethra is larger than the ureter, usually the problem of calculating a block in the urethra after his expulsion does not occur.
Typically, in the case of kidney stones in small sizes (up to 5-7 mm) the spontaneous expulsion can take place between 2 and 15 days.
As hydration therapy is often used to blow water: you drink a liter of water in 15 minutes so that the drive will facilitate the expulsion of the calculation.
Calculations: What Are - The calculations are small masses formed by crystals of calcium salts, magnesium or ammonium or uric acid, they are generated for a non-elimination of minerals, in no pathological conditions, takes place in the urine. Are formed in the kidneys, but can also move in the urinary tract or bladder. In 40% of cases are bilateral. The chemical analysis of the calculation is essential to understand its genesis:
65-75%: Football
10-15% non-calcareous phosphates
5.10% uric acid
3.1% cysteine
The urine test can detect (urinary calcium excretion greater than 200 mg in a 24-hour urine collection or better, 4 mg / kg per 24 hours), (which involves a low pH of urine) or (urinary oxalate excretion exceeding 45 mg per 24 hours). The instead a true hereditary disease.
Only the calculations consist of uric acid can be dissolved with drugs.
Facilitating factors - are not yet clear what causes the disease because there are no certainties, but only factors that appear to increase the probability of the occurrence of the calculation. It seems that the method can form a stable situation for a long time for sudden changes in diet (check salt supplements and food supplements in general) or lifestyle. Among the factors cited:
a family history.
Poor fluid intake in the diet, although in the elderly (who generally tend not to drink a lot) the occurrence is reduced.
The habit of sweating a lot because a lot of fluids through the expulsion of the sweat does not allow a dilution of the renal filtrate.
The diet in industrialized countries have a prevalence of calcium oxalate, due in part to the consumption of certain foods (nuts, beets, spinach, rhubarb, chocolate, etc..) Because only a small part of urinary oxalate is derived directly from the power.
Frequent urinary tract infections.
Predisposing diseases (hyperthyroidism, consequences of bone fractures, etc...)
Symptoms - When the size of these calculations are ways to block the kidney or ureter have renal colic, episodes of severe pain in the side that may extend to the abdomen, sometimes accompanied by other secondary symptoms such as difficulty to urinate, fever and vomiting.
Diagnosis and treatment of kidney stones
In addition to the presence of blood in the urine (not always visible to the naked eye) can be used with the following diagnostic techniques:
ultrasound, can identify possible expansion of the kidney and urinary tract or the very presence of kidney stones in the cavities.
The x-ray, which is not effective in the case of uric acid or kidney stones (transparent to X-rays) and the proximity of the calculations with the skeletal system.
Orography (or metallography), more sophisticated test that uses a dye to locate the precise location and nature of the calculation.
The spiral CT scan, surely the most definitive test, which is necessary when the previous diagnostic techniques give rise to doubts.
To reduce the severe pain are administered intravenously antispasmodics, pain and inflammation, waiting for the spontaneous expulsion of the calculation must move into the bladder. Because the urethra is larger than the ureter, usually the problem of calculating a block in the urethra after his expulsion does not occur.
Typically, in the case of kidney stones in small sizes (up to 5-7 mm) the spontaneous expulsion can take place between 2 and 15 days.
As hydration therapy is often used to blow water: you drink a liter of water in 15 minutes so that the drive will facilitate the expulsion of the calculation.
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