Renal colic и probably one of the most painful events that can happen.
It strikes without warning, causing pain that often is decrypted as worse than childbirth, a fracture of a gunshot wound, a burn or pain of surgery.
Renal colic affects approximately 1.2 million people every year, and about 1% of the causes of hospitalization. The calculations, which are the cause, are a problem that can occur at any level of the urinary tract, mainly formed in the kidney, with a frequency that reaches 12% for men, about twice that for women, and a peak incidence around 35 years.
Then the risk of recurrence, then close to 50% in a period of time ranging from 5 to 7 years. И renal colic usually resulting in the mobilization of a kidney stone and usually manifests itself with violent pain in the right or left lumbar region, radiating to the respective side and then to the genitals, often и also nausea and vomiting.
Kidney stones are distinguishable calculations calcareous (containing calcium), which are radio opaque, and non-calcareous.
The present calculations with greater frequency (60, 80%) are made of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate, and are caused, hyperparathyroidism or too high synthesis of vitamin D3.
With a frequency of 10-15% are found then a striate and ammonium magnesium phosphate, caused by chronic and recurrent urinary infections, slightly less frequent calculations are formed by uric acid crystals (5-10%), while others Cases are much more rare, such as kidney stones (1%).
You have the formation of kidney stones (nephrolithiasis) when the urinary concentration of a solute exceeds its ability to remain in solution. So the calculations are formed when и excess of an ion in the urine or when the physical and chemical conditions of urine (eg, PH) interferes with the solubility of the substance causing the precipitation and deposition calculations.
E 'known for a long time and a family predisposition to hereditary formation. Many of the inborn metabolic problems such as gout, are good examples of hereditary disease characterized by excessive production of substances that form stones.
urinary calcium excretion in amounts greater than 200mg in a 24-hour urine collection, or more than 4 mg / kg in 24 hours. the most common metabolic pathway in patients with calcium kidney stones and has various causes.
An excessive absorption of calcium from the intestine и because of a too high amounts of circulating calcium that is filtered in the kidney, but increased calcium excretion in the urine can be caused by a problem in the absorption level of the tubules kidney. Although hyperparathyroidism may be a risk factor for this type of calculations.
Uric acid и the end product of purine metabolism and и is derived from external sources (diet) that produced by normal cellular metabolism. Chronic metabolic acidosis can lead to increased excretion of uric acid salts and the formation of kidney stones, but usually the cause of kidney stones uric acid и a low pH of urine.
Kidney stone is condition for which you have urinary oxalate than 45mg/groin, and may be due to an increase in intestinal absorption of the ileum caused by diseases (such as Cohn’s disease), or other causes, including the disappearance from the intestine of form genes, a bacterium that Lisa oxalate produced or introduced into the diet, decibel such as spinach, chocolate, soy-based foods, and others.
Citrate excreted in the urine footprint soluble complex with calcium which inhibits the formation of crystals. A decreased excretion of citrate и source of risk for stone formation.
The a hereditary disease. For a metabolic defect occurs a lack of transport of four dibasic amino acids (arginine, lysine, ornithine), which causes a significant increase in urinary excretion of four amino acids. Precipitates thus formed crystals of seamless continuity. clinically characterized not only by a recurrent kidney stones, even with chronic pyelonephritis and hypertension.
Infections
Then there are the calculations made up of, a set of magnesium, ammonium and phosphorus. These calculations are produced by certain bacteria mainly of the Proteus, which produce an enzyme, urease, which breaks down urea (a constituent of urine) into ammonia and bicarbonate. This reaction makes it very alkaline urine, favoring the precipitation of striate crystals.
This type of calculation и more common in females and, unlike other calculations, which are formed by an excessive concentration of insoluble salts, the calculations of striate are therefore the result of certain infections, which will be prevented or at least readily recognized and treated to block, from the outset, the risk of stone formation by continuous antibiotic therapy.
Thursday, June 30, 2011
Wednesday, June 29, 2011
Kidney stones and renal colic
Kidney stones are a problem that together a lot of people (12% of men and 6% of women), of which only one party is suffering from renal colic, an incident involving 1.2 million people each year, and that represents about 1% of the causes of hospitalization.
The renal colic strikes without notice, and is described as one of the most painful events that can happen: some have called the pain that you feel even worse than that of a gunshot wound.
The causes of renal colic: Kidney Stones
Kidney stones are solid formations composed of different minerals, which are formed by precipitation within the kidney or along the streets kidney. Calculations are indistinguishable in calcareous (containing calcium) and calcium.
The most common kidney stones are composed of calcium oxalate or phosphate. May be caused by, , hyperthyroidism or excessive synthesis of vitamin D3.
The chronic and recurrent urinary infections cause the calculations instead consist of magnesium ammonium phosphate. With the same frequency (5-10%) occur calculations formed by uric acid crystals. There are also rare kidney stones, which occur with a frequency of less than 1%.
The renal colic is usually the result of the mobilization of a kidney and almost always occurs with violent pain in the right or left lumbar region, radiating to the respective side and then to the genitals, often accompanied by nausea and vomiting.
The causes of renal colic: Kidney Stones
Kidney stones are formed when the concentration of a dissolved substance in the urine exceeds a critical value and can no longer remain in solution. To understand this phenomenon, try adding salt to the water, stirring to melt it: at some point, add the salt that is no longer able to melt and settles on the bottom: the aggregation of the salt deposited form the calculation.
This phenomenon can occur not only when there is an excess of an ion in the urine, but even when the physical and chemical conditions of urine (eg, PH) interfere with the solubility of the substance causing the precipitation and deposition calculations.
There is a strong hereditary and familial predisposition to stone formation, as well as other metabolic disorders (e.g. gout), the and, characterized by excessive production of substances that form stones.
the most common metabolic alteration in patients with calcium kidney stones. It is present when the urinary calcium excretion exceeds 200 mg in a 24-hour urine collection, or more than 4 mg / kg in 24 hours. May have different causes: on the one excessive absorption of calcium from the intestine to an absorption problem in the renal tubules.
Although thyroid dysfunction as hyperparathyroidism may be a risk factor for this type of calculations.
Some infections, however, lead to the formation of struvite (composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate), produced by some bacteria of the Proteus group. They are formed as a result of cystitis, and are therefore more common among female subjects.
The identification of kidney stones not expelled is not always easy, but is necessary due to renal colic.
The exams are the most widely used abdominal ultrasonography, radiography with or without contrast (the contrast medium is called IVU) and spiral CT.
Of these tests, only the TAC provides a near 100% probability of identifying the calculation, its size and its fragility, but is not used as the reference test because of the cost.
Treatment of kidney stones after colic
Kidney stones that block the urethra, with a diameter less than or equal to 5 mm are usually ejected automatically in 1-2 weeks, the treatment is therefore limited to hydration and analgesia, as the pain accompanying colic can be very strong. Up to expulsion took place, must be continued periodic monitoring, radiological or ultrasound.
Fluid intake should be considerable (6-8 glasses a day), so as to produce a large volume of urine. It can be effective so-called "blow water", which is to drink a quart / liter and a half of water quickly, so that it acts as a "push" and facilitate the expulsion of the calculation.
If the calculation is not broken down by itself, there are several possibilities, to the minimally invasive surgery, here are the three most commonly used treatments.
Extra corporeal shock wave lithography: the case of shock waves generated by a special instrument, which are dress on the calculation. The treatment requires no anesthesia, but only a mild painkiller, but it is effective only in case of kidney stones do not exceed 1.5 cm.
Performed under anesthesia, an instrument reaches the calculation in the urinary tract and grinding using a laser, the calculation is then extracted with special tools. Effective in all urinary tract stones and some of the kidney.
Percutaneous treatment: the calculation is crushed and extracted with a tool that enters the kidney from a small hole in the side. Must be performed under general anesthesia and is indicated in the case of calculations that were not crushed by extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy.
The renal colic strikes without notice, and is described as one of the most painful events that can happen: some have called the pain that you feel even worse than that of a gunshot wound.
The causes of renal colic: Kidney Stones
Kidney stones are solid formations composed of different minerals, which are formed by precipitation within the kidney or along the streets kidney. Calculations are indistinguishable in calcareous (containing calcium) and calcium.
The most common kidney stones are composed of calcium oxalate or phosphate. May be caused by, , hyperthyroidism or excessive synthesis of vitamin D3.
The chronic and recurrent urinary infections cause the calculations instead consist of magnesium ammonium phosphate. With the same frequency (5-10%) occur calculations formed by uric acid crystals. There are also rare kidney stones, which occur with a frequency of less than 1%.
The renal colic is usually the result of the mobilization of a kidney and almost always occurs with violent pain in the right or left lumbar region, radiating to the respective side and then to the genitals, often accompanied by nausea and vomiting.
The causes of renal colic: Kidney Stones
Kidney stones are formed when the concentration of a dissolved substance in the urine exceeds a critical value and can no longer remain in solution. To understand this phenomenon, try adding salt to the water, stirring to melt it: at some point, add the salt that is no longer able to melt and settles on the bottom: the aggregation of the salt deposited form the calculation.
This phenomenon can occur not only when there is an excess of an ion in the urine, but even when the physical and chemical conditions of urine (eg, PH) interfere with the solubility of the substance causing the precipitation and deposition calculations.
There is a strong hereditary and familial predisposition to stone formation, as well as other metabolic disorders (e.g. gout), the and, characterized by excessive production of substances that form stones.
the most common metabolic alteration in patients with calcium kidney stones. It is present when the urinary calcium excretion exceeds 200 mg in a 24-hour urine collection, or more than 4 mg / kg in 24 hours. May have different causes: on the one excessive absorption of calcium from the intestine to an absorption problem in the renal tubules.
Although thyroid dysfunction as hyperparathyroidism may be a risk factor for this type of calculations.
Some infections, however, lead to the formation of struvite (composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate), produced by some bacteria of the Proteus group. They are formed as a result of cystitis, and are therefore more common among female subjects.
The identification of kidney stones not expelled is not always easy, but is necessary due to renal colic.
The exams are the most widely used abdominal ultrasonography, radiography with or without contrast (the contrast medium is called IVU) and spiral CT.
Of these tests, only the TAC provides a near 100% probability of identifying the calculation, its size and its fragility, but is not used as the reference test because of the cost.
Treatment of kidney stones after colic
Kidney stones that block the urethra, with a diameter less than or equal to 5 mm are usually ejected automatically in 1-2 weeks, the treatment is therefore limited to hydration and analgesia, as the pain accompanying colic can be very strong. Up to expulsion took place, must be continued periodic monitoring, radiological or ultrasound.
Fluid intake should be considerable (6-8 glasses a day), so as to produce a large volume of urine. It can be effective so-called "blow water", which is to drink a quart / liter and a half of water quickly, so that it acts as a "push" and facilitate the expulsion of the calculation.
If the calculation is not broken down by itself, there are several possibilities, to the minimally invasive surgery, here are the three most commonly used treatments.
Extra corporeal shock wave lithography: the case of shock waves generated by a special instrument, which are dress on the calculation. The treatment requires no anesthesia, but only a mild painkiller, but it is effective only in case of kidney stones do not exceed 1.5 cm.
Performed under anesthesia, an instrument reaches the calculation in the urinary tract and grinding using a laser, the calculation is then extracted with special tools. Effective in all urinary tract stones and some of the kidney.
Percutaneous treatment: the calculation is crushed and extracted with a tool that enters the kidney from a small hole in the side. Must be performed under general anesthesia and is indicated in the case of calculations that were not crushed by extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy.
Monday, June 27, 2011
Kidney Stones: Symptoms, Causes, prevention, treatment with conventional medicine or homeopathy
SYMPTOMS - Waves of severe pain that starts at the side and radiates to the groin. - Nausea and vomiting. - Profuse sweating. - Blood in the urine. Sometimes there is a concomitant infection that can also cause these symptoms: - fever and chills, - increase the urge to urinate - even intense pain with urination - urine cloudy or smells bad.
CONTACT THE DOCTOR IF ... - you think you have kidney stones, a medical examination is essential for the diagnosis and treatment. - You have a sharp pain that occurs in waves to the side or abdomen, the pain may also be a sign of other serious diseases such as gallstones, pelvic inflammatory disease, and bowel obstruction. Consult your doctor immediately. - Do you have pain or difficulty urinating; could be signs of cystitis, a sexually transmitted disease, a problem such as a vaginal vaginitis, an increase in the size of the prostate (see under prostate problems), or bladder cancer or prostate cancer. Consult your doctor without delay. - Notice of blood in the urine can indicate kidney disease or otherwise, a cancer of the bladder or the kidney, urinary tract infection or prostate cancer (see under prostate problems). Consult your doctor without delay.
The calculations usually are formed in the central part of the kidney where urine accumulates before reaching the ureter that leads to the bladder. They are formed when certain substances in urine, uric acid such as calcium, crystalline form agglomerates. The calculations are able smaller to be eliminated in the urine often without showing signs of self. The calculations biggest irritate and stretch the ureter as they pass into the bladder, causing severe pain and block the flow of urine. Sometimes a calculation can reach the size of a golf ball and in this case is trapped in the kidney resulting in a very serious illness. The calculations are more common in young adult and middle-aged individuals and affect men more than women. People who live in hot climates are more prone to the calculations because the body is dehydrated with increasing concentrations of minerals in the urine. Kidney stones often recur. It is therefore important to determine as best as possible the cause of the calculations to try to prevent recurrence.
CONTACT THE DOCTOR IF ... - you think you have kidney stones, a medical examination is essential for the diagnosis and treatment. - You have a sharp pain that occurs in waves to the side or abdomen, the pain may also be a sign of other serious diseases such as gallstones, pelvic inflammatory disease, and bowel obstruction. Consult your doctor immediately. - Do you have pain or difficulty urinating; could be signs of cystitis, a sexually transmitted disease, a problem such as a vaginal vaginitis, an increase in the size of the prostate (see under prostate problems), or bladder cancer or prostate cancer. Consult your doctor without delay. - Notice of blood in the urine can indicate kidney disease or otherwise, a cancer of the bladder or the kidney, urinary tract infection or prostate cancer (see under prostate problems). Consult your doctor without delay.
The calculations usually are formed in the central part of the kidney where urine accumulates before reaching the ureter that leads to the bladder. They are formed when certain substances in urine, uric acid such as calcium, crystalline form agglomerates. The calculations are able smaller to be eliminated in the urine often without showing signs of self. The calculations biggest irritate and stretch the ureter as they pass into the bladder, causing severe pain and block the flow of urine. Sometimes a calculation can reach the size of a golf ball and in this case is trapped in the kidney resulting in a very serious illness. The calculations are more common in young adult and middle-aged individuals and affect men more than women. People who live in hot climates are more prone to the calculations because the body is dehydrated with increasing concentrations of minerals in the urine. Kidney stones often recur. It is therefore important to determine as best as possible the cause of the calculations to try to prevent recurrence.
Saturday, June 25, 2011
Preventing kidney stones: water and power
Kidney stones are small stones that are implanted in the kidney and cause very painful symptoms: colic, cramps and severe pain in the hips 'abdomen extending to all' groin and leg, often accompanied by vomiting and fever. Another of the typical symptoms of kidney stones is a great fatigue, slowness and pain while peeing. Kidney stones may occur throughout the urinary tract and move on the path from the kidney to the bladder.
CAUSES of kidney stones: how to form the kidney stones.
All 'origin of kidney stones there is usually an' excessive concentration of salts in the urine and a 'low production of urine, which may be due to poor fluid intake. Fatigue, heat and commitments are also troubling for a deadly cocktail of the kidneys and, more generally, for the urinary tract. In most cases kidney stones are formed because of the minerals normally present in our bodies are not diluted enough to assume that the liquid and reach a concentration too high (even for a 'excessive sweating, typical of this period). You can then form crystals along the urinary tract.
Kidney stones are nothing but small pebbles: you can wedge in the kidneys, 'or in the urethra' ureter, causing muscle spasms that spread in waves.
Prevention of kidney stones: diet, fruit, vegetables and water against kidney stones. Warning Hot and stress.
How to prevent kidney stones? The experts' response is unequivocal: lots of water, fruit and vegetables at will, especially when they get the first heat. The Board is particularly true for people prone to stones, namely, those who have already had a similar episode of kidney stones in the past. Especially in these cases, it is necessary to ensure 'body plenty of water, drinking small amounts several times a day. It is no coincidence that the majority of hospital admissions for urinary tract stones occur when the heat moves: If the mercury rises and perspiration increases, you lose large amounts of fluids and salts are concentrated. Who then is subjected to a moment of stress, it tends to just relax and eat in a disordered way.
The 'water against the first symptoms of kidney stones
The key thing is to recognize the early symptoms of kidney stones and act now. If the urine becomes dark suddenly must immediately drink water, lots of water. This allows you to dilute the salts present in the urinary tract. Generally, if you do not drink properly, immediately after the change in color of urine, there is heaviness to 'abdomen and then comes the first colic: a sudden and sharp pain that spreads to the side down. It 'the first sign that the pebble was formed, but it's still early in his trip el' body tries to expel it through the muscle spasms. Even at this stage you need to drink plenty of water to facilitate the 'expulsion and to prevent the crystal size increases.
CARE kidney stones: the actions to remove kidney stones.
To eliminate urinary tract stones that you cannot expel there are four types of intervention, from least invasive to most invasive. Here are the different types of surgery to remove kidney stones:
- Extracorporeal lithotripsy: a type of surgery that uses four thousand waves' in shock 'period of half an' hour hitting with precision the stone, crumbling. The fragments are then eliminated in the urine. This procedure requires no anesthesia and is discharged the same day. It is the less-invasive technique for removing kidney stones and then the most widely used, although sometimes it takes several sessions to completely eliminate kidney stones.
- Ascending endoscopic lithotripsy is a technique more invasive than the last. You insert a catheter in the urinary tract and can be traced back to the "pebble". The catheter emits waves' impact directly on the calculation until they can crumble. Usually this technique is used when the extracorporeal lithotripsy fails or if the calculations are present in regions of lower urinary tract. The bottom-up endoscopic lithotripsy is an operation that requires a 'local anesthesia’s operation lasts 30-40 minutes, and usually after 2-3 days in the hospital you can go home.
- Percutaneous lithotripsy: with this type of intervention is punctured, the 'abdomen with a thin needle, the calculation is localized with a probe, then apply the waves' impact directly on the pebble. He uses this technique (which requires a 'general anesthesia) when the calculation is quite large. 'S procedure takes an average' time and length of stay is less than three days.
- Surgery to open loop: the older and more invasive technique for removing kidney stones and urinary tract. Scalpel is now used only if the three previous intervention techniques do not work or if there is an 'alteration of the urinary tract that prevents' out of the fragments of the calculation when it is demolished. L 'surgery requires open-loop' general anesthesia and is the fastest method: the 'procedure lasts about 20 minutes. But then we must remain in hospital for 'the other week.
CAUSES of kidney stones: how to form the kidney stones.
All 'origin of kidney stones there is usually an' excessive concentration of salts in the urine and a 'low production of urine, which may be due to poor fluid intake. Fatigue, heat and commitments are also troubling for a deadly cocktail of the kidneys and, more generally, for the urinary tract. In most cases kidney stones are formed because of the minerals normally present in our bodies are not diluted enough to assume that the liquid and reach a concentration too high (even for a 'excessive sweating, typical of this period). You can then form crystals along the urinary tract.
Kidney stones are nothing but small pebbles: you can wedge in the kidneys, 'or in the urethra' ureter, causing muscle spasms that spread in waves.
Prevention of kidney stones: diet, fruit, vegetables and water against kidney stones. Warning Hot and stress.
How to prevent kidney stones? The experts' response is unequivocal: lots of water, fruit and vegetables at will, especially when they get the first heat. The Board is particularly true for people prone to stones, namely, those who have already had a similar episode of kidney stones in the past. Especially in these cases, it is necessary to ensure 'body plenty of water, drinking small amounts several times a day. It is no coincidence that the majority of hospital admissions for urinary tract stones occur when the heat moves: If the mercury rises and perspiration increases, you lose large amounts of fluids and salts are concentrated. Who then is subjected to a moment of stress, it tends to just relax and eat in a disordered way.
The 'water against the first symptoms of kidney stones
The key thing is to recognize the early symptoms of kidney stones and act now. If the urine becomes dark suddenly must immediately drink water, lots of water. This allows you to dilute the salts present in the urinary tract. Generally, if you do not drink properly, immediately after the change in color of urine, there is heaviness to 'abdomen and then comes the first colic: a sudden and sharp pain that spreads to the side down. It 'the first sign that the pebble was formed, but it's still early in his trip el' body tries to expel it through the muscle spasms. Even at this stage you need to drink plenty of water to facilitate the 'expulsion and to prevent the crystal size increases.
CARE kidney stones: the actions to remove kidney stones.
To eliminate urinary tract stones that you cannot expel there are four types of intervention, from least invasive to most invasive. Here are the different types of surgery to remove kidney stones:
- Extracorporeal lithotripsy: a type of surgery that uses four thousand waves' in shock 'period of half an' hour hitting with precision the stone, crumbling. The fragments are then eliminated in the urine. This procedure requires no anesthesia and is discharged the same day. It is the less-invasive technique for removing kidney stones and then the most widely used, although sometimes it takes several sessions to completely eliminate kidney stones.
- Ascending endoscopic lithotripsy is a technique more invasive than the last. You insert a catheter in the urinary tract and can be traced back to the "pebble". The catheter emits waves' impact directly on the calculation until they can crumble. Usually this technique is used when the extracorporeal lithotripsy fails or if the calculations are present in regions of lower urinary tract. The bottom-up endoscopic lithotripsy is an operation that requires a 'local anesthesia’s operation lasts 30-40 minutes, and usually after 2-3 days in the hospital you can go home.
- Percutaneous lithotripsy: with this type of intervention is punctured, the 'abdomen with a thin needle, the calculation is localized with a probe, then apply the waves' impact directly on the pebble. He uses this technique (which requires a 'general anesthesia) when the calculation is quite large. 'S procedure takes an average' time and length of stay is less than three days.
- Surgery to open loop: the older and more invasive technique for removing kidney stones and urinary tract. Scalpel is now used only if the three previous intervention techniques do not work or if there is an 'alteration of the urinary tract that prevents' out of the fragments of the calculation when it is demolished. L 'surgery requires open-loop' general anesthesia and is the fastest method: the 'procedure lasts about 20 minutes. But then we must remain in hospital for 'the other week.
Thursday, June 23, 2011
Diet for Kidney Stones
In some ways, the role of diet in the occurrence of kidney stones has not yet been fully elucidated. What is certain is that any kind of calculation can only be attributed to poor nutrition. More often than not, in fact, the root of the problem there is a genetic predisposition, or at least a predisposing disease or disorder. This is also why there can be no precise and universal diet to prevent formation of kidney stones.
Importance of water in the prevention of kidney stones
A single recommendation is a consensus by physicians and researchers to combat the formation of kidney stones is important to keep the body hydrated by taking the right amount of fluids in the diet. In doing so, in fact, substances present in urine is more diluted, so the less the chance that precipitate and are aggregated.
Of course it is important not to overdo the water supply must always be proportionate to the level of nutrition and physical activity and never too much (besides the risk of electrolyte imbalances, resulting in hyper-filtration renal work can damage the kidney function in susceptible individuals). Treatment with mineral water (treatment hydroponic) cannot be continued too long or too lightly conducted without prior physician.
Generally, we recommend a water consumption of approximately 2-3 liters per day, so that the urine volume is 2 liters over 24 hours. At the same time it is recommended that a generous intake of liquids, especially in critical times, such as meals, overnight, in the presence of hydro-saline losses on the gastrointestinal (diarrhea, vomiting) and in case of excessive sweating during exercise or stay in a climate too hot and humid. Attention to the long journeys, especially by air. Typically, urine is very pale yellow light of a proper hydration, while it is necessary to increase the water supply if the urine appears dark yellow or brown.
Often, in the presence of kidney stones is recommended to prefer the water to other drinks, mineral waters or choosing preferably slightly mineralized, in order to limit the intake of sodium and calcium, which can contribute to the increase in urine formation. Coffee, tea and fruit juices that are foods rich in oxalates, so their consumption should be limited especially in the presence of calcium oxalate calculi.
Kidney stones: diet because there is no equal for everyone?
In addition to reduced fluid intake, some dietary habits can promote the occurrence of kidney stones in susceptible individuals, in this regard, it is first necessary to establish with certainty what type of calculations affects the patient, since the dietary measures needed to prevent certain types of calculations may be contraindicated in front of stones of different origin. Sometimes, as in the presence of striate complicating recurrent urinary infections, diet has little deterrent effect in this case, for example, antibiotic treatment becomes necessary.
Diet for kidney stones is aimed essentially three objectives:
reduce the urinary excretion of salts responsible for the formation of the calculation;
increase the degree of dilution of these salts;
increase the intake of substances such as citric acid, which can inhibit the formation;
reduce the factors that predispose to precipitation of salts responsible for the formation of the calculation.
As explained, the dietary changes should always be prescribed and monitored by the attending physician, knowing that "the chemical identikit" of kidney stones may determine the most appropriate diet. The calculations, in fact, are not all alike: they can be composed of calcium oxalate (the most common, present in approximately 70% of kidney stones), calcium phosphate (3-10%), calcium rate (10%) , striate (10-20%) or cysteine (1%).
pH of urine
Acidic urine are associated with kidney stones, xanthine and uric acid, while in the presence of basic urine increases the risk of kidney concretions of calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium phosphate and striate. The calculations of calcium oxalate, the most common, they develop greater urinary neutral or alkaline environments.
Regarding the influence of diet on urinary pH, there are typically acidic urine in the diets rich in meat, especially when stored, and alkaline urine in vegetarian diets or, more generally rich in vegetables and fruits (except plums and blueberries) .
The lemon juice and potassium citrate are two of the most widely used alkaline urine, and as such are particularly suitable in case of uric acid and kidney stones, and in these cases, the urine is alkalized to a pH close to neutrality ( 6.5 to 7).Exceeded values of 7.5 increases the risk of kidney stones of calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium phosphate and striate. In these cases, alkalization of urine would then worsen with the clinical picture of the patient.
Meat and kidney stones
A diet rich in meat more frequently leads to a type of uric acid kidney stones. Due to the excessive consumption of protein, in fact, the urine becomes more acidic and increases the elimination rate of calcium and uric acid, while lowering that of citrate (substances that prevent the precipitation of these salts).
If there is a predisposition to kidney stones uric source (accumulation of uric acid) should be limited to all those foods high in purines such as anchovies, herring, sardines, shellfish, liver, sweetbreads, kidneys, heart, game, geese and pigeons. It should instead encourage the hiring of alkaline urine as potassium citrate and magnesium citrate. In fact, the solubility of uric acid increased appreciably with alkalization of urine pH to the point that sometimes the only medical treatment with alkalizing is capable of dissolving urinary stones composed of uric acid only. Conversely, in the presence of acidic urine, uric acid tends to precipitate. By contrast, and here we find yet another invitation to evaluate with the doctor and dietitian if the diet most suitable in the presence of kidney stones, excessive alkalization of urine (pH> 7) facilitates the precipitation of calcium phosphates.
Being rich in methionine (an amino acid precursor of kidney), the protein-rich products should be limited even in the presence of kidney origin of kidney, which benefited the same way - in the perspective of prevention and therapy - urinary.
Vegetables and kidney stones
Some vegetables, like spinach, beets, spinach and parsley are particularly rich in oxalates, so ingestion of large quantities of such foods could lead to the appearance of calcium oxalate stones. Under normal conditions, about 20% of urinary oxalate comes from diet, and its intestinal absorption increases in the course of inflammatory enteric disease, which includes Cohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis and other disorders less frequent.
For the intake of folic acid, which contributes to the prevention of cardiovascular risk associated with, a reduction in consumption of these foods may still be recommended by a doctor; same goes for the intake of vitamin K in patients taking anticoagulants such as Coumadin. Hence the importance and the absolute need to discuss in advance with your doctor any changes in dietary perspective of prevention, avoiding extremes of the concepts presented in the article.
Salt and kidney stones
A diet high in salt and sodium, more generally, increases the urinary excretion of calcium and reduces urinary pH and citrate excretion, thus promoting the formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones. For this reason, and to avoid other unpleasant conditions (hypertension, obesity, osteoporosis), you should not take more than 6-8 grams of salt a day. In particular, it is good to keep in snacks and processed foods in general, as sources of "hidden" sodium but very important (see: salt is bad?).
Calcium, vitamin D and kidney stones
The role of calcium in the formation of kidney stones has always been the subject of numerous studies and research. Today it has come to the conclusion that in the healthy population a diet rich in calcium not only predisposes to urinary tract stones, but may even prevent it by reducing the absorption of oxalic acid. It is therefore recommended a daily intake of 1200 mg, 800 mg of calcium provided by dairy products.
An excess of vitamin D in the diet - however difficult to achieve with the power only - promotes the intestinal absorption of calcium, causing hyperkalemia (excess calcium in the blood) and (excess calcium in the urine). This event could occur in a patient taking regular supplements of calcium and vitamin D to fight or prevent osteoporosis.
And oxalate kidney stones
An excess of oxalic acid in the diet has been particularly harmful, as it promotes the synthesis of calcium oxalate kidney stones, it is ubiquitous (it is a bit 'all over the world), but as mentioned some foods are particularly rich in chocolate, nuts, cola and carbonated beverages in general, fruit juices, tea, cabbage, peas, asparagus, spinach and rhubarb. We must stress however that in case of overproduction of oxalate physiology, reducing the consumption of these foods so prevents kidney stones, but does so only marginally. What counts then, again, is not so much the introduction of total oxalates, but rather the degree of intestinal absorption, endogenous synthesis and the quantity of liquids in the diet.
Alcohol and kidney stones
Renal excretion of uric acid and oxalate is increased by the consumption of alcohol.
Sweets and kidney stones
A huge consumption of sugar in the diet increases the elimination of calcium in the urine, so the risk of grinding stones. In addition, some typical ingredients of desserts (cocoa) are especially rich in oxalate.
Fiber and kidney stones
In the presence of urinary tract stones has recommended a diet rich in slag, because the physic acid content in foods of plant origin (vegetables, fruits and whole grains) binds with calcium to form insoluble compounds and non-absorbable. Fruits and vegetables also increase the elimination of citrates, substances that are very effective in preventing stone formation. For this reason, the lemon juice - which contains about 5-7% citric acid - is the ideal food for those suffering from kidney stones (although the risk of too alkaline urine should be limited in the presence of calculations of calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium phosphate, striate or calcium oxalate).
Potassium and kidney stones
According to some authors, the potassium-rich foods (beans, apricots, peas, potatoes, garlic and dried fruits) reduce the urinary excretion of calcium without interfering with the absorption of the ion.
Vitamin C and kidney stones
Even an excess of vitamin C in the diet appears to promote the synthesis of kidney stones, due to increased endogenous production of oxalate. For this reason, especially if you have a history of stones left behind, and is generally recommended to limit the total dietary intake of vitamin C (plus any dietary supplements) not more than 1 g per day. The risk that vitamin C can metabolize oxalate is higher in the absence of pyridoxine (vitamin B6), as may happen in case of colitis with recurring diarrhea. Before taking supplements of vitamin C, therefore, people with calcium oxalate stones should perform additional medical tests.
Water, calcium and kidney stones
More that quality is important to assess the amount of water and more generally in the diet of liquids (broth, tea, juice etc.).. People predisposed to kidney stones should therefore strive to drink plenty of water and repeatedly during the day (at least 2 liters of water). In the case of individual predisposition, or to prevent future recurrences, this proportion may be increased up to 3 liters.
In general, rather than comply with a precise amount of liquid consumed, it is important to adapt the water supply to the environmental situation. The visual inspection of the urine is a very simple question that the patient can take to control their hydration status. In particular, the urine should never appear too dark or concentrated, as this feature would increase the risk of forming kidney stones.
To avert the risk of urinary tract stones is very important that the amount of liquid to be divided evenly throughout the day, drinking a bit 'of water even before bedtime. They go instead to avoid certain drinks such as tea concentrate (rich in oxalates), Coca-Cola (absolutely not recommended in case of kidney stones) and alcohol (rising levels of excretion of oxalic acid and uric acid).
Although some studies have shown that calcium-rich mineral waters may be a protective factor in the presence of gallstones is usually recommended the use of slightly mineralized water, which, as poor in minerals, promote and facilitate diuresis' removal of small kidney stones.
Recommended Foods
LEMON JUICE CITRUS: citric acid content in these foods may be particularly useful for patients with uric acid stones because it increases the urinary pH and citrate excretion, factors that reduce the formation of crystals of uric acid is that of kidney. As stated in the article, the consumption of lemon juice for therapeutic purposes may be contraindicated in the presence of calcium stones, which develop in an environment more neutral or alkaline urine.
ONION: it has a powerful diuretic effect and helps to eliminate uric acid.
PARSLEY: stimulates the appetite and digestion, promotes diuresis removing small kidney stones (gravel).
CELERY: it has diuretic properties, with effective action on the liver and draining the respiratory tract and is therefore useful in case of kidney and liver failure.
ARTICHOKE, CABBAGE, APPLE AND NETTLE: they increase the excretion of urine.
Importance of water in the prevention of kidney stones
A single recommendation is a consensus by physicians and researchers to combat the formation of kidney stones is important to keep the body hydrated by taking the right amount of fluids in the diet. In doing so, in fact, substances present in urine is more diluted, so the less the chance that precipitate and are aggregated.
Of course it is important not to overdo the water supply must always be proportionate to the level of nutrition and physical activity and never too much (besides the risk of electrolyte imbalances, resulting in hyper-filtration renal work can damage the kidney function in susceptible individuals). Treatment with mineral water (treatment hydroponic) cannot be continued too long or too lightly conducted without prior physician.
Generally, we recommend a water consumption of approximately 2-3 liters per day, so that the urine volume is 2 liters over 24 hours. At the same time it is recommended that a generous intake of liquids, especially in critical times, such as meals, overnight, in the presence of hydro-saline losses on the gastrointestinal (diarrhea, vomiting) and in case of excessive sweating during exercise or stay in a climate too hot and humid. Attention to the long journeys, especially by air. Typically, urine is very pale yellow light of a proper hydration, while it is necessary to increase the water supply if the urine appears dark yellow or brown.
Often, in the presence of kidney stones is recommended to prefer the water to other drinks, mineral waters or choosing preferably slightly mineralized, in order to limit the intake of sodium and calcium, which can contribute to the increase in urine formation. Coffee, tea and fruit juices that are foods rich in oxalates, so their consumption should be limited especially in the presence of calcium oxalate calculi.
Kidney stones: diet because there is no equal for everyone?
In addition to reduced fluid intake, some dietary habits can promote the occurrence of kidney stones in susceptible individuals, in this regard, it is first necessary to establish with certainty what type of calculations affects the patient, since the dietary measures needed to prevent certain types of calculations may be contraindicated in front of stones of different origin. Sometimes, as in the presence of striate complicating recurrent urinary infections, diet has little deterrent effect in this case, for example, antibiotic treatment becomes necessary.
Diet for kidney stones is aimed essentially three objectives:
reduce the urinary excretion of salts responsible for the formation of the calculation;
increase the degree of dilution of these salts;
increase the intake of substances such as citric acid, which can inhibit the formation;
reduce the factors that predispose to precipitation of salts responsible for the formation of the calculation.
As explained, the dietary changes should always be prescribed and monitored by the attending physician, knowing that "the chemical identikit" of kidney stones may determine the most appropriate diet. The calculations, in fact, are not all alike: they can be composed of calcium oxalate (the most common, present in approximately 70% of kidney stones), calcium phosphate (3-10%), calcium rate (10%) , striate (10-20%) or cysteine (1%).
pH of urine
Acidic urine are associated with kidney stones, xanthine and uric acid, while in the presence of basic urine increases the risk of kidney concretions of calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium phosphate and striate. The calculations of calcium oxalate, the most common, they develop greater urinary neutral or alkaline environments.
Regarding the influence of diet on urinary pH, there are typically acidic urine in the diets rich in meat, especially when stored, and alkaline urine in vegetarian diets or, more generally rich in vegetables and fruits (except plums and blueberries) .
The lemon juice and potassium citrate are two of the most widely used alkaline urine, and as such are particularly suitable in case of uric acid and kidney stones, and in these cases, the urine is alkalized to a pH close to neutrality ( 6.5 to 7).Exceeded values of 7.5 increases the risk of kidney stones of calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium phosphate and striate. In these cases, alkalization of urine would then worsen with the clinical picture of the patient.
Meat and kidney stones
A diet rich in meat more frequently leads to a type of uric acid kidney stones. Due to the excessive consumption of protein, in fact, the urine becomes more acidic and increases the elimination rate of calcium and uric acid, while lowering that of citrate (substances that prevent the precipitation of these salts).
If there is a predisposition to kidney stones uric source (accumulation of uric acid) should be limited to all those foods high in purines such as anchovies, herring, sardines, shellfish, liver, sweetbreads, kidneys, heart, game, geese and pigeons. It should instead encourage the hiring of alkaline urine as potassium citrate and magnesium citrate. In fact, the solubility of uric acid increased appreciably with alkalization of urine pH to the point that sometimes the only medical treatment with alkalizing is capable of dissolving urinary stones composed of uric acid only. Conversely, in the presence of acidic urine, uric acid tends to precipitate. By contrast, and here we find yet another invitation to evaluate with the doctor and dietitian if the diet most suitable in the presence of kidney stones, excessive alkalization of urine (pH> 7) facilitates the precipitation of calcium phosphates.
Being rich in methionine (an amino acid precursor of kidney), the protein-rich products should be limited even in the presence of kidney origin of kidney, which benefited the same way - in the perspective of prevention and therapy - urinary.
Vegetables and kidney stones
Some vegetables, like spinach, beets, spinach and parsley are particularly rich in oxalates, so ingestion of large quantities of such foods could lead to the appearance of calcium oxalate stones. Under normal conditions, about 20% of urinary oxalate comes from diet, and its intestinal absorption increases in the course of inflammatory enteric disease, which includes Cohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis and other disorders less frequent.
For the intake of folic acid, which contributes to the prevention of cardiovascular risk associated with, a reduction in consumption of these foods may still be recommended by a doctor; same goes for the intake of vitamin K in patients taking anticoagulants such as Coumadin. Hence the importance and the absolute need to discuss in advance with your doctor any changes in dietary perspective of prevention, avoiding extremes of the concepts presented in the article.
Salt and kidney stones
A diet high in salt and sodium, more generally, increases the urinary excretion of calcium and reduces urinary pH and citrate excretion, thus promoting the formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones. For this reason, and to avoid other unpleasant conditions (hypertension, obesity, osteoporosis), you should not take more than 6-8 grams of salt a day. In particular, it is good to keep in snacks and processed foods in general, as sources of "hidden" sodium but very important (see: salt is bad?).
Calcium, vitamin D and kidney stones
The role of calcium in the formation of kidney stones has always been the subject of numerous studies and research. Today it has come to the conclusion that in the healthy population a diet rich in calcium not only predisposes to urinary tract stones, but may even prevent it by reducing the absorption of oxalic acid. It is therefore recommended a daily intake of 1200 mg, 800 mg of calcium provided by dairy products.
An excess of vitamin D in the diet - however difficult to achieve with the power only - promotes the intestinal absorption of calcium, causing hyperkalemia (excess calcium in the blood) and (excess calcium in the urine). This event could occur in a patient taking regular supplements of calcium and vitamin D to fight or prevent osteoporosis.
And oxalate kidney stones
An excess of oxalic acid in the diet has been particularly harmful, as it promotes the synthesis of calcium oxalate kidney stones, it is ubiquitous (it is a bit 'all over the world), but as mentioned some foods are particularly rich in chocolate, nuts, cola and carbonated beverages in general, fruit juices, tea, cabbage, peas, asparagus, spinach and rhubarb. We must stress however that in case of overproduction of oxalate physiology, reducing the consumption of these foods so prevents kidney stones, but does so only marginally. What counts then, again, is not so much the introduction of total oxalates, but rather the degree of intestinal absorption, endogenous synthesis and the quantity of liquids in the diet.
Alcohol and kidney stones
Renal excretion of uric acid and oxalate is increased by the consumption of alcohol.
Sweets and kidney stones
A huge consumption of sugar in the diet increases the elimination of calcium in the urine, so the risk of grinding stones. In addition, some typical ingredients of desserts (cocoa) are especially rich in oxalate.
Fiber and kidney stones
In the presence of urinary tract stones has recommended a diet rich in slag, because the physic acid content in foods of plant origin (vegetables, fruits and whole grains) binds with calcium to form insoluble compounds and non-absorbable. Fruits and vegetables also increase the elimination of citrates, substances that are very effective in preventing stone formation. For this reason, the lemon juice - which contains about 5-7% citric acid - is the ideal food for those suffering from kidney stones (although the risk of too alkaline urine should be limited in the presence of calculations of calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium phosphate, striate or calcium oxalate).
Potassium and kidney stones
According to some authors, the potassium-rich foods (beans, apricots, peas, potatoes, garlic and dried fruits) reduce the urinary excretion of calcium without interfering with the absorption of the ion.
Vitamin C and kidney stones
Even an excess of vitamin C in the diet appears to promote the synthesis of kidney stones, due to increased endogenous production of oxalate. For this reason, especially if you have a history of stones left behind, and is generally recommended to limit the total dietary intake of vitamin C (plus any dietary supplements) not more than 1 g per day. The risk that vitamin C can metabolize oxalate is higher in the absence of pyridoxine (vitamin B6), as may happen in case of colitis with recurring diarrhea. Before taking supplements of vitamin C, therefore, people with calcium oxalate stones should perform additional medical tests.
Water, calcium and kidney stones
More that quality is important to assess the amount of water and more generally in the diet of liquids (broth, tea, juice etc.).. People predisposed to kidney stones should therefore strive to drink plenty of water and repeatedly during the day (at least 2 liters of water). In the case of individual predisposition, or to prevent future recurrences, this proportion may be increased up to 3 liters.
In general, rather than comply with a precise amount of liquid consumed, it is important to adapt the water supply to the environmental situation. The visual inspection of the urine is a very simple question that the patient can take to control their hydration status. In particular, the urine should never appear too dark or concentrated, as this feature would increase the risk of forming kidney stones.
To avert the risk of urinary tract stones is very important that the amount of liquid to be divided evenly throughout the day, drinking a bit 'of water even before bedtime. They go instead to avoid certain drinks such as tea concentrate (rich in oxalates), Coca-Cola (absolutely not recommended in case of kidney stones) and alcohol (rising levels of excretion of oxalic acid and uric acid).
Although some studies have shown that calcium-rich mineral waters may be a protective factor in the presence of gallstones is usually recommended the use of slightly mineralized water, which, as poor in minerals, promote and facilitate diuresis' removal of small kidney stones.
Recommended Foods
LEMON JUICE CITRUS: citric acid content in these foods may be particularly useful for patients with uric acid stones because it increases the urinary pH and citrate excretion, factors that reduce the formation of crystals of uric acid is that of kidney. As stated in the article, the consumption of lemon juice for therapeutic purposes may be contraindicated in the presence of calcium stones, which develop in an environment more neutral or alkaline urine.
ONION: it has a powerful diuretic effect and helps to eliminate uric acid.
PARSLEY: stimulates the appetite and digestion, promotes diuresis removing small kidney stones (gravel).
CELERY: it has diuretic properties, with effective action on the liver and draining the respiratory tract and is therefore useful in case of kidney and liver failure.
ARTICHOKE, CABBAGE, APPLE AND NETTLE: they increase the excretion of urine.
Tuesday, June 21, 2011
Kidney stones
Kidney stones are small aggregations of minerals that form in the urinary tract. Often their presence is linked to a diet which is associated with an incongruous arrangement of genetic origin. Sometimes kidney stones are asymptomatic and are discovered by chance during an X-ray control. Other times an acute and violent pain (renal colic) strongly indicates their presence.
WHAT ARE kidney stones?
Kidney stones are deposits of hard consistency which are formed by precipitation of minerals found in urine (calcium, oxalate, phosphate and uric acid). The formation of a calculation is favored by rising concentrations of these electrolytes or reduction of the liquid that keeps them in solution (low volume of urine).
When the salt is first formed crystals clump together, and then finally microtones calculations that can reach the size of a golf ball. Precisely because of their shape and chemical composition of kidney stones can move from their place of origin and go to hamper the flow of urine. This barrier, in addition to causing an intense pain often favors the development of urinary tract infection and, if it persists for long periods, increases the possibility of kidney damage, to develop progressive renal failure.
Normally, urine contains substances that prevent the formation of stones, but not always, these compounds are present in adequate quantities or effectively perform their function. Today we know two categories: macromolecular (protein in nature) and macromolecular such as citrate or magnesium. Even due to their colloidal properties favor the maintenance of the salts in solution by removing the kidney stones.
Depending on the chemical composition are different types of calculations, each requiring a different therapeutic approach:
Risk Factors
Kidney stones are fairly common in the population as it effects on average about 3% of people. Particularly at risk are males aged between twenty and forty. In this age, due to the simultaneous presence of several risk factors, the incidence of disease exceeds 15%.
The causes of origin of the stones have not yet been fully clarified, although some predisposing factors significantly increase the probability of the formation of the calculations:
gender: males are three times more likely women to develop urinary tract stones (the highest concentration of citrate in the urine of women, in close relationship with the rate of estrogen, this would explain a lower incidence of the problem in the fairer sex)
poor fluid intake, a limited flow of urine promotes stagnation and then the precipitation of salts contained in them
dehydration due to increased fluid loss (diarrhea, sweating, etc..
Age: kidney stones are formed mainly between twenty and forty years
acidity of the urine: urinary pH less than 5 (with respect to certain very specific types of calcium, such as kidney, xanthine and uric acid)
family history of kidney stones is the case for example of the calculations in which kidney origin, due to a congenital defect of the kidney, a poorly soluble in urine amino acid precipitates forming crystals
chronic urinary tract infections
abuse of certain drugs or salt supplements and vitamins
hyperthyroidism (catabolic effects on bone) and (increased serum calcium)
diet incongruous
ethnicity: increased incidence of kidney stones in white and Asian
climate (during the summer heat increased evaporation, if not reinstated by an adequate fluid intake increases urine concentration and precipitation of the calculations)
WHAT ARE kidney stones?
Kidney stones are deposits of hard consistency which are formed by precipitation of minerals found in urine (calcium, oxalate, phosphate and uric acid). The formation of a calculation is favored by rising concentrations of these electrolytes or reduction of the liquid that keeps them in solution (low volume of urine).
When the salt is first formed crystals clump together, and then finally microtones calculations that can reach the size of a golf ball. Precisely because of their shape and chemical composition of kidney stones can move from their place of origin and go to hamper the flow of urine. This barrier, in addition to causing an intense pain often favors the development of urinary tract infection and, if it persists for long periods, increases the possibility of kidney damage, to develop progressive renal failure.
Normally, urine contains substances that prevent the formation of stones, but not always, these compounds are present in adequate quantities or effectively perform their function. Today we know two categories: macromolecular (protein in nature) and macromolecular such as citrate or magnesium. Even due to their colloidal properties favor the maintenance of the salts in solution by removing the kidney stones.
Depending on the chemical composition are different types of calculations, each requiring a different therapeutic approach:
Risk Factors
Kidney stones are fairly common in the population as it effects on average about 3% of people. Particularly at risk are males aged between twenty and forty. In this age, due to the simultaneous presence of several risk factors, the incidence of disease exceeds 15%.
The causes of origin of the stones have not yet been fully clarified, although some predisposing factors significantly increase the probability of the formation of the calculations:
gender: males are three times more likely women to develop urinary tract stones (the highest concentration of citrate in the urine of women, in close relationship with the rate of estrogen, this would explain a lower incidence of the problem in the fairer sex)
poor fluid intake, a limited flow of urine promotes stagnation and then the precipitation of salts contained in them
dehydration due to increased fluid loss (diarrhea, sweating, etc..
Age: kidney stones are formed mainly between twenty and forty years
acidity of the urine: urinary pH less than 5 (with respect to certain very specific types of calcium, such as kidney, xanthine and uric acid)
family history of kidney stones is the case for example of the calculations in which kidney origin, due to a congenital defect of the kidney, a poorly soluble in urine amino acid precipitates forming crystals
chronic urinary tract infections
abuse of certain drugs or salt supplements and vitamins
hyperthyroidism (catabolic effects on bone) and (increased serum calcium)
diet incongruous
ethnicity: increased incidence of kidney stones in white and Asian
climate (during the summer heat increased evaporation, if not reinstated by an adequate fluid intake increases urine concentration and precipitation of the calculations)
Saturday, June 18, 2011
Kidney Stone Symptoms and Treatments
SYMPTOMS
They may also be present without producing any symptoms and no significant renal damage. In general, the smaller stones are dangerous because they can go in ureter causing a painful attack (one of the most intense forms of pain), known as renal colic, and, while urethral obstruction. Calculations larger cannot penetrate into the ureters and most likely to remain silent in the renal pelvis. Commonly they make posters for the first time with the onset of colic and characterized by pain that is not limited to the lumbar region radiating from this but the epigrammatic, umbilicus, groin, to the testis (or big lip), the sacroiliac joint region, more rarely, to the buttock, thigh and heel along the course of the sciatic nerve.
.... continue down the page with the diagnosis and therapy
DIAGNOSIS
In some cases, the complaints of the patient are unclear, but in others the symptoms of liaise are already so evident as to allow immediate diagnosis. The clinical picture leaves no room for doubt when disorders are directly related to the issuance of one or more calculations in the urine. It can happen that a patient with "back pain" is not better defined both suddenly seized by a typical urethral colic and with this issue 'sand renal' or 'gravel', consisting of minute concretions acid or oxalate or undo calcium phosphate. Sometimes the calculation remains dormant until such time as a radiological examination performed for other indications (usually referred pains in the lumbar spine) reveals the unexpected presence. Even in such cases, the latency of non и absolute rule: a discrete and inconstant, especially if limited to working hours, can get easily confused with the common back, but suddenly acquires a different meaning if the examination of urinary sediment shows the presence of. In fact и stones remains very unlikely that a long-ignored without complicated by suppuration, albeit discreet, or just the cup of the pelvis in which the calculation is hidden. By extension, therefore each of unclear origin requires imperatively the finding. When you are recognized the presence of one or more kidney stones, especially if they have not given complication, difficult to predict which in the near future with or without the disease. The sheer size of the calculations do not constitute a sufficient basis for formulating a prognosis: in fact there are conspicuous concretions that live long tolerated, while other smaller can be an immediate threat to the kidneys if they are complicated by or block the entrance to septic ureter.
THERAPY
The kidney and ureter can be treated in some cases with extra corporeal shock wave lithography, with which they are cut into smaller elements, which are excreted through the urine. Or, if they are large, require surgical treatment. In the event that started the septic complications, the supportive process, despite antibiotics and chemotherapy, can hardly be solved completely if the calculation remains in office: he thus begins a tale of chronic and transient improvement of exacerbations, which gradually leads. extension, therefore, of crucial importance for the prognosis the timeliness of surgery intended to remove the calculus and to drain, when necessary, the source of infection. The surgery of kidney stones should act as the first finality preservation of the kidney, through actions that can extract with a minimum damage calculations located in the pelvis and in the glasses. This conservative criterion cannot always put into practice and becomes impractical especially when the operator is in the presence of septic complications which have already led to serious and irreversible deterioration of the renal parenchyma. This does not take away but the principle that the validity for liaise nephrectomy should only be performed in cases of absolute necessity
They may also be present without producing any symptoms and no significant renal damage. In general, the smaller stones are dangerous because they can go in ureter causing a painful attack (one of the most intense forms of pain), known as renal colic, and, while urethral obstruction. Calculations larger cannot penetrate into the ureters and most likely to remain silent in the renal pelvis. Commonly they make posters for the first time with the onset of colic and characterized by pain that is not limited to the lumbar region radiating from this but the epigrammatic, umbilicus, groin, to the testis (or big lip), the sacroiliac joint region, more rarely, to the buttock, thigh and heel along the course of the sciatic nerve.
.... continue down the page with the diagnosis and therapy
DIAGNOSIS
In some cases, the complaints of the patient are unclear, but in others the symptoms of liaise are already so evident as to allow immediate diagnosis. The clinical picture leaves no room for doubt when disorders are directly related to the issuance of one or more calculations in the urine. It can happen that a patient with "back pain" is not better defined both suddenly seized by a typical urethral colic and with this issue 'sand renal' or 'gravel', consisting of minute concretions acid or oxalate or undo calcium phosphate. Sometimes the calculation remains dormant until such time as a radiological examination performed for other indications (usually referred pains in the lumbar spine) reveals the unexpected presence. Even in such cases, the latency of non и absolute rule: a discrete and inconstant, especially if limited to working hours, can get easily confused with the common back, but suddenly acquires a different meaning if the examination of urinary sediment shows the presence of. In fact и stones remains very unlikely that a long-ignored without complicated by suppuration, albeit discreet, or just the cup of the pelvis in which the calculation is hidden. By extension, therefore each of unclear origin requires imperatively the finding. When you are recognized the presence of one or more kidney stones, especially if they have not given complication, difficult to predict which in the near future with or without the disease. The sheer size of the calculations do not constitute a sufficient basis for formulating a prognosis: in fact there are conspicuous concretions that live long tolerated, while other smaller can be an immediate threat to the kidneys if they are complicated by or block the entrance to septic ureter.
THERAPY
The kidney and ureter can be treated in some cases with extra corporeal shock wave lithography, with which they are cut into smaller elements, which are excreted through the urine. Or, if they are large, require surgical treatment. In the event that started the septic complications, the supportive process, despite antibiotics and chemotherapy, can hardly be solved completely if the calculation remains in office: he thus begins a tale of chronic and transient improvement of exacerbations, which gradually leads. extension, therefore, of crucial importance for the prognosis the timeliness of surgery intended to remove the calculus and to drain, when necessary, the source of infection. The surgery of kidney stones should act as the first finality preservation of the kidney, through actions that can extract with a minimum damage calculations located in the pelvis and in the glasses. This conservative criterion cannot always put into practice and becomes impractical especially when the operator is in the presence of septic complications which have already led to serious and irreversible deterioration of the renal parenchyma. This does not take away but the principle that the validity for liaise nephrectomy should only be performed in cases of absolute necessity
Wednesday, June 15, 2011
Kidney Stones Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment
Calculations can occur at any level of the urinary tract, but most forms in the kidney. The и a frequent clinical problem with an incidence of 0.1 to 6% in the general population. The male is hit a bit 'more frequently than the female and the majority of patients и over 30 years. Has been known for a long time and inherited familial predisposition to stone formation. Many of the inborn errors of metabolism such as gout, primary are good examples of hereditary disease characterized by excessive production of substances that form stones. The majority of the calculations, about 65-70%, contains calcium, being composed of calcium oxalate or calcium oxalate mixed with calcium phosphate, and less commonly, calcium phosphate alone. Another 15% и formed by the "triple calculations' composed of ammonium phosphate and magnesium, the calculations are 6% and 3% uric acid, cysteine. Also an organic matrix of which represents 1 to 5% by weight of the calculations of magnesium ammonium phosphate. Although there are many causes, kidney stones are formed in large part because of infection of battery that split urea (like Proteus), converting it into ammonia. The alkaline urine causes precipitation of calcium and magnesium ammonium phosphate. The calculations of uric acid are common in patients without hyperkalemia urinary tract infections. The kidney stones are associated with genetic disorders of the renal transport of certain amino acids such as kidney. The calculations are unilateral Nell’5O% of patients. The locations are the favored formation of renal calices, pelvis and bladder. If they are formed in the renal pelvis tend to be small, as having an average diameter of 2-3 mm. They may have smooth edges or appear as small masses with irregular jagged surface. Often a kidney can be found in multiple calculations. Occasionally, the gradual buildup of salts leads to the formation of branched structures, which represent a mold system calico. Some conditions may have acquired a major part in the genesis of ureteral as "disease of body," and especially to remember those that are altering the metabolism of calcium and therefore produce. The more you notice high values of rule: the fact occurs relatively frequently as a complication (if not as a sign detector) parathyroid. These calculations are made of calcium salts (phosphates, carbonates and oxalates in minor proportion), but a composition not unlike those that are sometimes seen as squeal of bone fracture. In this case the state и hyperkalemia not so much a direct consequence of the fracture because of the prolonged immobility that can lead to extreme degrees of decalcification with osteoporosis. Calculations remain to be considered secondary, whose genesis и clearly a consequence of two morbid conditions often associated with urinary tract: the stagnation of urine and infection. The chemical process that formed these calculations и linked to the ammonia Cal fermentation, with the transformation of urea to ammonium carbonate by bacteria. In a second step is the formation of magnesium-ammonium phosphate and calcium carbonate, which are components of the calculation. The reason for the precipitate of these salts in the form of calculations connate, sometimes very large, instead of remaining sediment amorphous state, needs to be inflammatory exudate, which acts as a cement for the presence of fibrin. One can distinguish between pure calculations, consisting of a crystallography only, and mixed calculations, where two or more crystallography are present. Stromboli protein can completely lacking in primitive calculations, while и is a constituent of the calculations required minor, in connection with the exudative phenomena that accompany the training. When infection occurs via urination at a time following the formation of the primary calculation, this can become the nucleus of a secondary calculation.
Saturday, June 11, 2011
Kidney stones: treat and prevent
Kidney stones in the urinary tract are the precipitation of crystals of substances that are usually removed in dissolved form. The causes are primarily an excess of calcium oxalate or uric acid is associated with a disorder of the crystallization. “They usually present with the so-called renal colic, a violent pain in the lower back that radiates to the groin area, "explains in a video interview, Professor Giuseppe Dynamic, Dynamic President of the Foundation for Research on Kidney Diseases and chief emeritus of neurology at San Carlo, Milan.
"If the calculation is small you can expect to be expelled, "concluded the expert, "If it is large and threatens to obstruct the ureter using the shock waves. " And the diet to prevent them? "It is true that a diet rich in calcium is contraindicated. Quite the contrary, "points out Professor
"If the calculation is small you can expect to be expelled, "concluded the expert, "If it is large and threatens to obstruct the ureter using the shock waves. " And the diet to prevent them? "It is true that a diet rich in calcium is contraindicated. Quite the contrary, "points out Professor
What is the Kidney Stone?
The calculation is a solid mass formed by the aggregation of crystals that may be present in the urine. The crystals, joining, growing in size, forming the calculations can be very variable in size from a grain of sand to a golf ball.
Calculation of CA-oxalate
From what kidney stones are made up?
In 70-80% of cases the calculations are made from calcium oxalate alone or calcium oxalate with calcium phosphate.
In 10-15% of urinary stones are composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate (striate). These calculations are related to urinary tract infections.
In 10-15% of cases are composed of uric acid. Lastly, there are kidney stones (1% of cases))
Mixed calculation (Uric Acid 70% 30% Ca-oxalate)
What is the incidence of gallstones?
Kidney stones are one of the more common diseases. It is estimated that about 10% of the population has had throughout his life an episode of urinary stones. Men are affected more frequently than women. The prevalence of nephrolithiasis increases dramatically after age 40 and continues to increase until age 70.
Mixed calculation (Uric Acid 30% 70% Ca-oxalate)
What are the symptoms of gallstones?
Kidney stones usually do not cause any trouble until complications involved.
The pain may be lacking for so very long calculations that partially or completely obstruct the urinary tract.
Sometimes however you have pain with feeling of weight in your lower back pain that may radiate to the groin. The calculation, causing damage to the urinary mucosa may cause hematuria (blood that shows only the examination of urine).
Other times the pain is particularly intense and manifests the classic "renal colic".
Renal colic usually is caused by the passage of calculus from the kidney ureter.
The pain, often violent, began in the lumbar region corresponding to that of the kidney shot, and it radiates in towards the genitals. It can be accompanied by nausea and vomiting. It may last a few hours or can be repeated for several days if the calculation continues to move. E 'often accompanied by hematuria (blood in urine can also be seen with the naked eye). Finally, this may be urinary frequency (frequent small amounts of urine) and dysuria (difficulty urinating). These symptoms may occur when a calculation passes into the bladder.
Kidney stones and CA-oxalate
What are the complications of nephrolithiasis?
The most important complications of renal stones are urinary obstruction with dilatation of the urinary tract upstream and urinary tract infections.
The can cause renal colic, sometimes just dull pain, sometimes not accompanied by any disturbance. In the latter case the patient does not realize it, and this may result in serious damage to the kidney to the irreversible loss of the same, blocked from the calculations, in case of inaction.
Urinary tract infections are more often the more massive is the calculation. They are difficult to eradicate because the seeds are hidden in the calculation, where most are unlikely to be reached and destroyed by antibiotics.
Calculations of Uric Acid
How is the diagnosis of kidney stones?
Ultrasound can detect most of the calculations, the presence of the characteristic posterior shadowing.
Profit is also the direct radiography of the abdomen that allows the calculations to distinguish radio-opaque.
Then there is the orography, often necessary for a thorough diagnostic workup. However, it requires the injection of a contrast medium in that vein, albeit rarely, can be allergenic.
The spiral CT scan is the investigation of choice because it is precise and does not require injection of contrast to diagnose gallstones.
Stag horn
Where the calculations can be located?
The calculations are formed in the kidneys but can also be found in the ureters and bladder. The bladder stones are more common in underdeveloped countries.
Calculation of CA-oxalate
From what kidney stones are made up?
In 70-80% of cases the calculations are made from calcium oxalate alone or calcium oxalate with calcium phosphate.
In 10-15% of urinary stones are composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate (striate). These calculations are related to urinary tract infections.
In 10-15% of cases are composed of uric acid. Lastly, there are kidney stones (1% of cases))
Mixed calculation (Uric Acid 70% 30% Ca-oxalate)
What is the incidence of gallstones?
Kidney stones are one of the more common diseases. It is estimated that about 10% of the population has had throughout his life an episode of urinary stones. Men are affected more frequently than women. The prevalence of nephrolithiasis increases dramatically after age 40 and continues to increase until age 70.
Mixed calculation (Uric Acid 30% 70% Ca-oxalate)
What are the symptoms of gallstones?
Kidney stones usually do not cause any trouble until complications involved.
The pain may be lacking for so very long calculations that partially or completely obstruct the urinary tract.
Sometimes however you have pain with feeling of weight in your lower back pain that may radiate to the groin. The calculation, causing damage to the urinary mucosa may cause hematuria (blood that shows only the examination of urine).
Other times the pain is particularly intense and manifests the classic "renal colic".
Renal colic usually is caused by the passage of calculus from the kidney ureter.
The pain, often violent, began in the lumbar region corresponding to that of the kidney shot, and it radiates in towards the genitals. It can be accompanied by nausea and vomiting. It may last a few hours or can be repeated for several days if the calculation continues to move. E 'often accompanied by hematuria (blood in urine can also be seen with the naked eye). Finally, this may be urinary frequency (frequent small amounts of urine) and dysuria (difficulty urinating). These symptoms may occur when a calculation passes into the bladder.
Kidney stones and CA-oxalate
What are the complications of nephrolithiasis?
The most important complications of renal stones are urinary obstruction with dilatation of the urinary tract upstream and urinary tract infections.
The can cause renal colic, sometimes just dull pain, sometimes not accompanied by any disturbance. In the latter case the patient does not realize it, and this may result in serious damage to the kidney to the irreversible loss of the same, blocked from the calculations, in case of inaction.
Urinary tract infections are more often the more massive is the calculation. They are difficult to eradicate because the seeds are hidden in the calculation, where most are unlikely to be reached and destroyed by antibiotics.
Calculations of Uric Acid
How is the diagnosis of kidney stones?
Ultrasound can detect most of the calculations, the presence of the characteristic posterior shadowing.
Profit is also the direct radiography of the abdomen that allows the calculations to distinguish radio-opaque.
Then there is the orography, often necessary for a thorough diagnostic workup. However, it requires the injection of a contrast medium in that vein, albeit rarely, can be allergenic.
The spiral CT scan is the investigation of choice because it is precise and does not require injection of contrast to diagnose gallstones.
Stag horn
Where the calculations can be located?
The calculations are formed in the kidneys but can also be found in the ureters and bladder. The bladder stones are more common in underdeveloped countries.
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